Leaders play a critical role in setting the tone for ethical climate in organizations. In recent years, there has been an increased skepticism about the role played by corporate executives in developing and implementing ethics in business practices. Sales and marketing practices of businesses, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, have come under increased scrutiny. This study identifies a type of leadership style that can help firms develop an ethical climate. Responses from 333 salespeople working for a North American subsidiary of (...) an international pharmaceutical company were used to analyze the impact of instrumental leadership on ethical climate. We also examined the effect of ethical climate on effort, satisfaction with the supervisor, and job satisfaction. Managerial implications are provided. (shrink)

Customer orientation and the development of long-term relationships with customers are known conditions for growth and profit sustainability. Businesses use special treatments, inducements, and personal gestures to show their appreciation to customers. However, there are concerns about whether these inducements really create the right perceptions in customer’s mind. This study suggests that when customers believe that the firm is ethical, the inducements and special treatments received are seen in a positive light and can help develop loyalty. The hypotheses were tested (...) with responses from 299 customers of financial institutions in Chile. Results support the hypotheses that firm’s ethical reputation helps in retaining customers. Managerial implications are provided. (shrink)

Computer hardware is heavily reliant on classical logic, but could we use some non- classical logic instead? In this paper I suggest an alternative model of implementation of logic gates in electronics. In particular, I propose a model that takes descriptions of logical connectives through means of Dunn semantics and implements them as logic gates by using a double current system: one for truth and one for falsity, instead of the classical use of a single current for both values. The (...) outcome of this proposal should pave the way to new models of non-classical and even contra-classical computation based on paraconsistent, paracomplete and paranormal logics. (shrink)

After the intense attention the relevance logic community and its friends gave to McCall’s ideas on connexive implication during the late 1960s and nearly.

Brady [4] used the matrix for Meyer’s crystal lattice CL to build ahierachical model structure for his deep relevant logic DRd. In this paperwe modify the matrix for CL so as to define a connexive conditional. Indoing so, we arrive at a family of connexive logics satisfying the depthrelevance property. As a result, we show a way to satisfactorily combineconnexivity and relevance without trivializing the logic and without vali-dating unappealing theorems.

One tradition in relevant and paraconsistent logics has been to develop sys- tems intended for applications to arithmetic and computability theory. The aspiration, as in Meyer [38] and others, is to recover enough working mathe- maticsforrealcomputation, butwithoutthelimitativeresultsofTuring, Gödel, etc.; or more cautiously, as in Dunn [22], to respect relevance and with that be insulated against the possibility of a genuine inconsistency. We distill these goals into guiding questions, and study the options for logics within a range of relevant systems. We (...) focus on strong truth functional logics RM3and PAC [6] and their expansions, with application to inconsistent arithmetics [62, 63]. We argue that this approach, while having many virtues, does not fully answer our guiding questions. This points to weak relevant logics like Routley/Sylvan’s DKQ [54], Brady’s MCQ [14], and Logan and Boccuni’s DL2Qt,f c [31]. The recurring theme is that paraconsistent computability struggles with functional- ity [17, 41, 43]. A method for advancing on the ‘function problem’ is sketched with Kleene’s theorem as a worked example. (shrink)

Following the strategy in [15] to develop inconsistent models for relevant arithmetics, we formulate a connexive variant of arithmetic by replacing the conditional of RM3 with the Belikov–Loginov conditional. We obtain thus the connexive logic cRM3 which serves as a base logic for arithmetics cRM3$^{i}$, cRM3$^{i\sharp }$, cRM$^{\sharp }$, cRMn$^{i}$, and cRM$^\omega $. We compare these with their counterparts RM3$^{i\sharp }$, RM$^{\sharp }$ and $\mathbf{RM}^\omega$ that extend relevant arithmetic $\mathbf{R}^\sharp$.

The idea of a paraconsistent computability theory has been proposed as a way to work effectively with inconsistent sets of numbers. The viability of such a theory, though—the very coherence of the idea of an ‘inconsistent recursive relation’—has been called into doubt, most recently in (Choi, Synthese 200(5):418, 2022). In this paper we remove some doubt, by setting out a simple model of (naïve) set theory in LP, showing how to compute inconsistent sets in terms of extensions and antiextensions, and (...) establishing further representability results. This suggests a way that a longstanding and apparently impossible-to-answer question—how can inconsistency be computed?—can be answered. (shrink)

En palabras de la Dra. Ivana Costa, la argumentación que aquí se propone lleva a los lectores a descubrir en la teoría epicureísta de las pasiones el fundamento de la filosofía política epicúrea [...]. Pero el eje de esta teoría está, indudablemente, en la caracterización que hace Epicuro del placer; esto es, la determinación precisa de qué lugar le cabe [...] entre los bienes para la buena vida [y] qué credenciales tiene para ser considerado el bien supremo. Este fue uno (...) de los temas centrales del debate ético-político que plantearon las diferentes líneas filosóficas en Grecia entre fines del siglo V a.C. y comienzos del siglo IV a.C. [...] Epicuro intentaba demostrar [...] que la justicia, entendida como virtud individual, se identifica con el placer, a contracorriente de la communis opinio, que la concibe destinada al beneficio de los demás. Al identificar a la virtud de la justicia con la ataraxia, al concebirla como virtud que es también capaz de "tranquilizar" con eficacia a quien la posee y la practica (porque es precisamente su contrario, la injusticia, la que provoca la turbación del alma), la noción epicúrea de justicia queda unida también a su singular teoría del placer. Que no es mero disfrute personal sino actividad que extirpa las opiniones equivocadas y las sustituye por estados mentales verdaderos y adecuados. La investigación que da origen a este libro había mostrado, con sólidas herramientas de análisis de las fuentes y exhaustiva discusión de la literatura sobre el tema, que el concepto epicúreo de justicia no puede escindirse del entramado de la lógica, la física y la ética del maestro de Samos. [...] Se parte entonces de esa trama compleja y, con delicadeza y generosidad, la argumentación va deshilvanando los motivos que han llevado tradicionalmente a una interpretación convencionalista o naturalista de la filosofía epicúrea. Finalmente, señala que el profesor Navarro nos propone considerar el concepto de justicia subrayando la posición excéntrica que insinúa Epicuro respecto de la contraposición nómos-phýsis en la que se venía dirimiendo la cuestión desde finales del siglo V a.C. El análisis [...] abre a la posibilidad de una reconstrucción global de la filosofía política epicúrea [y] permite reformular, a partir del eje naturaleza-convención, tanto su teoría física, como su gnoseología [...]. En cuanto a los aspectos específicamente políticos de la filosofía de Epicuro, la argumentación va, de los comienzos de la asociación humana, al estatuto de las leyes, el progreso de la historia y el papel de la prólepsis como criterio de lo justo. (shrink)

El carácter de _protreptikós lógos_ que presenta el _incipit_ de la “Carta a Meneceo” resulta innegable. No obstante, el resto de la carta parece ajustarse, más que a la _prótrepsis_, al modelo de la _paraínesis_, es decir, los consejos que un Maestro ofrecía a sus discípulos. Nos proponemos mostrar que, en la Carta a Meneceo, el _protreptikós lógos, _es una de las formas de transmisión (_parádosis_) de Epicuro, que no puede darse sin la _paraínesis_. En este sentido, en su exposición (...) filosófica el Maestro de Samos presentaba su doctrina del_ tetraphármakos_, según la cual, no se han de temer a los dioses, la muerte no es nada para los hombres, el alcer es fácil de conquistar y el dolor no dura en el tiempo. Por otra parte, en lo que concierne a un razonamiento sobre el placer y su límite, este se adquiere a condición de poner en práctica un saber prudencial (_phrónesis_) acerca de los deseos. Con el fin de transmitir ambas cosas, Epicuro apeló a la forma de _protreptikós_ _lógos_ y de la _paraínesis _para instar a sus discípulos el cultivo de la virtud de la _phrón e sis_, cuya primacía se halla fundamentada desde los principios mismos de la filosofía epicúrea. _ _. (shrink)

Computational trinitarianism is the view that a single notion of computation has three different manifestations: in logic as proofs, in typed $\lambda $-calculus as programs, and in category theory as morphisms. This idea has traditionally been closely associated with intuitionistic logic but here we argue that the connection is not exclusive. We provide a logician friendly, self-contained introduction to this topic by presenting the trinities for linear, affine, and relevant logic. The ground we set for that goal is then used (...) to show how to obtain paraconsistent trinities by including the De Morgan negation. (shrink)

Projects directed at a universal logic (notably, Brady's [Brady 2006]) have long struggled with paradoxes. In just the domain of computability, Hilbert's call for a general decision procedure was scuttled by Turing, using a diagonal argument. Indeed, Turing's halting problem can be straightforwardly viewed as a paradox, of the same type as others like the Liar and Curry's. This is confirmed here by reconstructing a halting predicate in a sequent calculus setting, thereby fitting a ``recipe' for paradox in [Ahmad, AJL (...) 2022]. The usual range of possible solutions then apply, including especially substructural approaches. Bringing this work as a response to Brady's ``"Starting the Dismantling of Classical Mathematics" [Brady, AJL 2018], then, we assess his proposals to drop the law of excluded middle and other logical principles---asking whether this strategy avoids all versions of the halting paradox. Brady has well begun, in his idiom, the re-construction of mathematics; there is more yet to do. (shrink)

Mortensen introduced a connexive logic commonly known as 'M3V'. M3V is obtained by adding a special conditional to LP. Among its most notable features, besides its being connexive, M3V is negation-inconsistent and it validates the negation of every conditional. But Mortensen has also studied and applied extensively other non-connexive logics, for example, closed set logic, CSL, and a variant of Sette's logic, identified and called 'P2' by Marcos. In this paper, we analyze and compare systematically the connexive variants of CSL (...) and P2, obtained by adding the M3V conditional to them. Our main observations are two. First, that the inconsistency of M3V is exacerbated in the connexive variant of closed set logic, while it is attenuated in the connexive variant of the Sette-like P2. Second, that the M3V conditional is, unlike other conditionals, "connexively stable", meaning that it remains connexive when combined with the main paraconsistent negations. (shrink)

In this paper we show that, when analyzed with contemporary tools in logic—such as Dunn-style semantics, Reichenbach’s three-valued logic exhibits many interesting features, and even new responses to some of the old objections to it can be attempted. Also, we establish some connections between Reichenbach’s three-valued logic and some contra-classical logics.

En días pasados tuvimos como huésped de honor en nuestra universidad al filósofo francés René Schérer, uno de los más ilustres representantes del pensamiento contemporáneo en el ámbito internacional. Egresado de la célebre Escuela Normal Superior de París (rue d’Ulm), René Schérer es actualmente profesor emérito de la Universidad París 8 (Vincennes-Saint Denis). Inicialmente se dio a conocer gracias a sus trabajos sobre estética fenomenológica y fenomenología de la comunicación, así como por su traducción, del alemán al francés, de las (...) Investigaciones lógicas de Husserl y por la biografía y ensayo crítico del filósofo alemán que escribió en colaboración con su amigo el filósofo Arion Kelkel. Se consagró, luego, al estudio de problemas filosóficos vinculados con la defensa de la utopía, el sentido de la hospitalidad, la crítica de la pedagogía, el reconocimiento de la diferencia y la inclusión del otro, el cosmopolitismo y la relación entre la universidad y la política. Entre sus libros más importantes de los últimos 20 años, de una obra prolífica, cabe mencionar: El alma atómica (1986) escrito en colaboración con Guy Hocquenghem, Apuesta sobre lo imposible (1989), Zeus hospitalario (1993), Utopías nómadas (1996), Miradas sobre Deleuze (1998), La pedagogía pervertida (1999), La Ecosofía de Charles Fourier (2000), Infantiles (2003), Hospitalidades (2004) y su último libro, sobre el cineasta italiano Pier Paolo Pasolini (2005). (shrink)

Attitudinal- and stress theory are used to investigate the effect of ethical climate on job outcomes. Responses from 208 service employees who work for a country health department were used to test a structural model that examines the process through which ethical climate (EC) affects turnover intention (TI). This study shows that the EC–TI relationship is fully mediated by role stress (RC), interpersonal conflict (IC), emotional exhaustion (EE), trust in supervisor (TS), and job satisfaction (JS). Results show that EC reduces (...) (RS) and increases TS. Lower stress levels result in lower EE, higher JS, and lower TI. Also, supervisor trust (TS) reduces IC and EE. The structural model predicts 53.9% of the variance of TI. (shrink)

Este artículo indaga por la representación de la memoria en la novela Glosa del escritor argentino Juan José Saer, a partir de una aproximación a la relación entre la literatura y los estudios sobre la memoria, lo que permite ubicar la obra del autor en el marco de la llamada literatura de la dictadura, producida en su país durante y después del último gobierno militar (1976-1983). Se explora, hacia el final del texto, la compleja relación que instaura la novela entre (...) el lenguaje, como mecanismo de representación de la memoria, y la dificultad de nombrar una realidad signada por el terrorismo de Estado. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo examinar aspectos da conjuntura pessimista contemporânea, analisando a retomada dos debates sobre os pessimismos reprodutivos e os fundamentos do pessimismo cósmico a partir do legado filosófico de Arthur Schopenhauer. Partindo de discussões contemporâneas sobre o pessimismo de raízes schopenhauerianas, investigaremos tendências nas humanidades que respondem ao sentimento de catástrofe a partir da especulação afirmativa que busca a composição de mundos futuros como forma de reabilitação. Mostramos que as vertentes pessimistas e negativas não apenas hesitam diante (...) dessa resposta produtiva, mas frequentemente a rejeitam, problematizando ainda as expectativas de um futuro aberto alicerçado no êxito da proliferação humana - retomando assim as reflexões seminais de Schopenhauer desenvolvidas em O mundo como vontade e como representação e no segundo volume de Parerga e Paralipomena. Defendemos que, no contexto dos debates atuais, elementos centrais do pensamento pessimista merecem ter sua lógica e argumentação rigorosamente examinados, em especial pelo modo como atualizam pressupostos schopenhauerianos. (shrink)

Este artículo propone construir un estado del arte sobre el Buen Vivir como práctica filosófica en infancias indígenas. A través de un análisis de un caso ocurrido en Colombia en el año 2023, se exploran las formas en que el cuidado se configura como una práctica social y política fundamental que desafía las visiones adultocéntricas y hegemónicas. Por lo anterior, se propone la siguiente pregunta a partir de un análisis de caso: ¿Cuáles prácticas de cuidado y de resistencia están presentes (...) en las infancias indígenas a partir del buen vivir? Ante esta interrogante, se empleó una metodología cualitativa para el cuidado como un derecho humano y el reconocimiento de las infancias en diálogo con los saberes ancestrales. (shrink)

This article has been retracted by the Publications Committee of the School of Philosophy and Universitas Philosophica editorial team.

The valence–space metaphor research area investigates the metaphorical mapping of valenced concepts onto space. Research findings from this area indicate that positive, neutral, and negative concepts are associated with upward, midward, and downward locations, respectively, in the vertical plane. The same research area has also indicated that such concepts seem to have no preferential location on the horizontal plane. The approach–avoidance effect consists in decreasing the distance between positive stimuli and the body and increasing the distance between negative stimuli and (...) the body. Thus, the valence–space metaphor accounts for the mapping of valenced concepts onto the vertical and horizontal planes, and the approach–avoidance effect accounts for the mapping of valenced concepts onto the “depth” plane. By using a cube conceived for the study of allocation of valenced concepts onto 3D space, we show in three studies that positive concepts are placed in upward locations and near the participants’ body, negative concepts are placed in downward locations and far from the participants’ body, and neutral concepts are placed in between these concepts in both planes. (shrink)

We review and discuss A. H. Louie’s book “More than Life Itself: A Reflexion on Formal Systems and Biology” from an interdisciplinary viewpoint, involving both biology and mathematics, taking into account new developments and related theories.

Contexto: Este artículo aborda la idea de Sloterdijk de una antropotécnica general fundada en una coinmunología a nivel mundial. En el desarrollo de sus planteamientos, realiza una crítica a las concepciones políticas radicales, porque quienes las intentaron llevar a la praxis social, generaron un terrorismo de Estado que sometía a los seres humanos a grandes abusos. En este contexto, la política deja de ser el arte de lo posible para convertirse en el arte de lo imposible.Metodología: A partir de un (...) análisis textual de Has de cambiar tu vida se reconstruye la argumentación de Sloterdijk, quien se refiere en su análisis principalmente a Kant. Kant propone en su filosofía práctica una acción política que inmuniza contra la exhortación a realizar un cambio de vida, a partir de unos individuos que sólo negocian por su propio interés, es decir, como individuos egoístas, acostumbrados a ser moralmente malos, rudos y salvajes.Conclusiones: Se argumenta que Sloterdijk, a pesar de la crítica a Kant, coincide en términos generales con él, porque propone, al final del libro, la necesidad de alianzas inmunitarias supraindividuales entre los humanos. Esta propuesta podría ser entendida en términos kantianos, si se consideran en forma adecuada sus supuestos ético-políticos. (shrink)

This paper shows the brain correlates of Cloninger’s personality model during the presentation of social scenarios under positive or negative valence situations. Social scenarios were constructed when participants played the Dictator game with two confederates that had two opposites roles as the cooperator and non-cooperator. Later the same day during a fMRI scanning session, participants read negative and positive situations that happened to confederates in the past. Participants were asked to think “how do you think those people felt during that (...) situation?” A dissimilarity matrix between stimuli were obtained from fMRI results. Results shown that Harm Avoidance trait people make use of right middle frontal gyrus and left superior frontal gyrus to discriminate between Coop and NoCoop. Cooperation as a trait makes use of the right superior temporal gyrus and the right precuneus to discriminate between Coop and NoCoop in positive social scenarios. Finally, Self-directedness trait people make use of the right inferior parietal lobe to discriminate between Coop and NoCoop in negative social scenarios and the right precuneus to discriminate between Coop and Strangers. An intuitive link between discrimination findings and behavioral patterns of those personality traits is proposed. (shrink)

The objective of the communication is to analyze the characteristics of the training projects and their relationship with the development of collaborative work in Higher Education Institutions. As a study methodology, a documentary investigation was carried out, through the review and obtaining of information in various bibliographical sources. The results indicate that training projects are a strategy aimed at training people who, in a collaborative way and with the support of new technologies, are able to mobilize their knowledge in solving (...) their most pressing context problems, so they differ from traditional educational practices, in which knowledge are transmitted by the teacher in an academic manner. In conclusion, it is necessary to continue carrying out theoretical and empirical studies that enable the educational change required by the society of our time. (shrink)

Una mirada a la historia de la investigación con seres humanos nos revela que la ética (al menos entendida como el ethos de una comunidad) ha estado siempre presente de uno u otro modo. No obstante, también son numerosas las situaciones en las que las pautas morales son sistemáticamente transgredidas.

El objetivo del presente artículo es interpretar desde la obra de Karl Polanyi las alternativas políticas, económicas y sociales de la sociedad moderna ante la crisis del capitalismo contemporáneo. En primer lugar, precisaremos la problemática del artículo y la posición interpretativa desde la que la abordaremos. En segundo lugar, evaluaremos la vigencia de su crítica de la utopía liberal del mercado autorregulado a la luz de las transformaciones provocadas por el modelo neoliberal. En tercer lugar, examinaremos las distintas alternativas a (...) las que se enfrenta la sociedad ante la incompatibilidad que muestran la economía de mercado autorregulado y las instituciones democráticas. Para finalizar, expondremos la trascendencia teórica y práctica que el pensamiento de Polanyi puede tener en la resolución de esta importante problemática para el futuro de la humanidad en el siglo XXI. (shrink)

While previous literature provides evidence of the positive relationship between ethical climate and job satisfaction, the possible mechanisms of this relationship are still underexplored. This study aims to enhance scholars’ and practitioners’ understanding of the ethical climate–job satisfaction relationship by identifying and testing two of the possible mechanisms. More specifically, this study fills an existing research gap by examining social and interpersonal mechanisms, referred to in this study as workplace isolation of colleagues and salesperson’s teamwork, of the ethical climate–job satisfaction (...) relationship. This is vital for the selling profession because job satisfaction is known to drive higher levels of salespeople’s performance. The arguments for such mechanisms are built on the foundations of social/psychological contract theory and ethical climate literature. Empirical testing using a large sample of salespeople shows higher levels of ethical climate to decrease workplace isolation and increase teamwork. Findings support hypothesized model where ethical climate positively relates to job satisfaction as partially mediated by workplace isolation and teamwork. Ethical climate is negatively related to workplace isolation and positively to teamwork. Further, findings indicate negative effect of workplace isolation on teamwork and sales performance. Job satisfaction is found to be key factor in driving performance of salespeople. (shrink)

From the most prominent thinkers in Latin American philosophy, literature, politics, and social science comes a challenge to conventional theories of globalization. The contributors to this volume imagine a discourse in which revolution requires no temporalized march of progress or takeovers of state power but instead aims at local control and the material conditions for human dignity.

Hay un idealismo que interpreta la realidad objetiva como una síntesis abierta a la vida concreta, en una dialéctica del pensamiento y no de los hechos. Podemos llamar objetivo a este idealismo, aunque la expresión resulte contradictoria. Este es el rasgo original de Fernando Beltramo. There is an idealism that interprets the objective reality as an open synthesis of concrete life, in dialectics of thought, not of facts. We call this idealism objective, though the expression be contradictory. This is (...) Fernando Beltramo’s original feature. (shrink)

Determined to fight alone, stripped from the security that could be offered by community, human beings of our times have openly embraced their individuality. With such a purpose, consciously or unconsciously, they have decided to decimate the institutions and to break with the burden imposed by rules, laws and agreements, which they consider are oppressive and limit their personal development. Thus, the article offers a philosophical review of the concept of community and examines the necessity of its reconfiguration as social (...) linking force. This arises as an answer to possible risks associated with the coming of a new individual that adopts her selfhood as the only truth, which leads to not acknowledging otherness and plurality, and to individualism as the only possible way of being. (shrink)

Introduction: artificial intelligence (AI) has great potential to transform healthcare and health education. Therefore, we set out to analyze the scientific evidence on the implementation of artificial intelligence in the training of healthcare professionals, considering the ethical limitations of its application and opportunities for competence development. Method: the research had a qualitative approach, with a descriptive design and a literature review. Eighty-six articles were analyzed, obtained from indexed databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, Redalyc, and Scielo, using keywords in (...) English, Portuguese, and Spanish. The information was organized in an Excel matrix for analysis through critical reading using the CASPe method to evaluate the scientific quality of the studies.Results: the implementation of AI in health education improves personalized learning, clinical simulations, and decision-making through data analysis. However, its use carries risks such as the dehumanization of the training process and excessive dependence on technology. Therefore, it is necessary to train teachers and establish ethical limits that ensure a balance between innovation and critical thinking. Conclusión: artificial intelligence is revolutionizing health education by improving learning and clinical skills. However, it poses ethical challenges that require regulation and responsible use. Its successful integration requires balancing technology and the inclusion of human values. (shrink)